Christian Literature Society for China - Headquarters: Shanghai, Founded, 1887. The object of the society is stated to be "The publication and circulation of literature based on Christian principles, throughout China, her colonies, dependencies and wherever Chinese are found, especially periodical literature adapted for all classes." A depot for the sale of CLS literature was opened in Honan Road in 1897. Owing to the nature of the society's work, results are difficult to give; but the dissemination of its books and periodicals among the civil and military officials of all ranks, both in and out of office, the heads of schools and colleges and the literati in general, contributed very greatly to awakening China to the advantages of Western learning and civilization, as well as in removing many of the deep-seated prejudices entertained by Chinese of the old style against Christianity. In later years, especially since the Revolution in 1911, the sales have been almost stationary owing to the great activity displayed by the Chinese themselves in the translation and preparation of textbooks etc. But as these are generally non-Christian, if not anti-Christian in tendency, there is still a large sphere of usefulness open to the C.L.S.

Commercial Press, The - A printing firm established in Shanghai in 1896 with a couple of presses. It began later to publish school textbooks and was registered in the Board of Commerce as a limited company, one of the first of such institutions in China. It is a purely Chinese business, with a capital of two million Mex. Dollars. Its total number of employees is 2,800, and these are treated on Christian principles; meals, hospital, savings bank, Sunday rest etc etc being all features of the firm's policy. The founders were Christian men, the management is done in a Christian spirit, and one of the rules of the company is never to publish anything of an anti-Christian nature.

Concession - a piece of ground leased by the Chinese to a foreign government and sub-let to foreign merchants; while a Settlement is an area within which western merchants may lease land direct from the Chinese owners - which is generally done by perpetual lease. In either case it is understood that the police control shall be in the hands of the foreign power; a right which the power delegates to a Municipal Council.

Court of Foreign Consuls, The - was established in 1869 in Shanghai by a Memorandum signed by the Ministers of Great Britain, Prussia, France, Russia and the United States, and published wit the revised Land Regulations which came into force that year. The Memorandum says the court is to be "established at the beginning of each year by the whole body of Treaty Consuls", its function being to enable individuals to sue the Municipal Council. It consists of three Treaty Consuls chosen annually by the Consular body.

Defence Creek - In 1853, when Shanghai was threatened by the Taiping rebels, a mass meeting of foreign residents was held on April 12, with the British Consul, Mr Rutherford Alcock, in the chair. On the suggestion of A.G. Dallas, it was decided to dig a trench and make a paved road to the west of the English Settlement, where there was already a ditch; with the Huang-pu on the east, the Yang-king-pang to the south, and the Soochow Creek to the north, the Settlement would then be defended on all four sides. The trench was dug and for sixty years was known as Defence Creek. It was culverted in 1915-16. Its position was on the western side of Thibet Road, etc.

Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corp. - The bank was founded on the 6th of August 1864 ... it commenced business in April, 1865, with a capital of $2,500,000, being 20,000 shares of $250, $125 paid up. The head office was established in Hong Kong, and the first chief manager was Mr. Victor Kresser, a Frenchman. The first manager of the Shanghai branch was Mr. David McLean.

Hsu Kuang-ch'I - was born near Shanghai about A.D. 1560. He rose to the Hanlin degree and became acquainted with Ricci, helping him to translate books on mathematics, astronomy and firearms. He was baptised with the name Paul. He memorialised the Emperor with suggestions for the defence of the Empire, was made Censor and ordered to raise troops. He found, however, that his advice was ignored,and he withdrew from active life. He was recalled when his help was needed, but was disgraced, and this occurred twice. But in 1628, on the accession of Tsung Cheng, he was restored to his rank, and later arrived at the highest offices. He died in 1634. He was a friend and protector of missionaries, and the great Jesuit establishment near Shanghai called Zi Ka Wei or Hsu Jia Hui perpetuates his name. His grave is at the village of that name. His daughter was baptised by the name of Candida.

Huangpu Conservancy - The Huangpu is a tributary channel chiefly maintained by tidal action, which connects the lake system of the southern Yangtze Delta with the Yangtze at Woosung. It derives its principle importance from its relation to Shanghai, which is on the left bank 15 miles from the mouth. Spring tides averaging about 12 feet in he mouth of the Yangtze Estuary diminish to 10 feet at the mouth of the Huangpu and form a strong wave with rapid currents which sweeps up he river even to the easternmost of the lakes. The accessibility to Shanghai from the sea depends on the bars at the mouth of the Yangtze and the Huangpu. The latter river had two bars, the inner and outer Woosung bar with 12 and 18 feet of water at ordinary low water respectively, which early proved to be serious obstacles, and were the subject of the British "Blue Book" in 1874. In 1876, two reports by engineers were submitted to the Consular Body of Shanghai, but it was not until 1889 that any actual work was done. Dredging having been tried but proved ineffectual, Mr. J. de Rijke was called in by the Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce in 1897 and reported on the continuing deterioration which as proceeding, and made certain proposals. Annexe 17 of the "Boxer" Peace Protocol of 1901 comprised "Regulations for the Improvement of the Course of the Huangpu" and a Conservancy Board was appointed. No steps were taken to fulfill this agreement and in September 1905 a new agreement was signed. The Conservancy Board was to consist of the Shanghai Taotai and the Commissioner of Customs and the Chinese government undertook to provide twenty annual payments of 460,000 Haikuan Taels. Mr de Rike was appointed engineer and work was begun in 1906. The "Ship Channel" was closed in 1910 and the new fairway ("Astraea Channel formerly called the "Junk Channel") was dredged. The "Inner Bar" was thus eliminated and by a training wall running out into the Yangtse the "Outer Bar" as washed out, so giving a minimum depth of 20 feet at average low water as well as a clear 600 feet width all the way to Shanghai. At the end of 190, when the total expenditure reached some 6,500,000 Shanghai taels, funds were lacking, the work was disorganised and Mr de Rijke left. The work, however, was not even half completed. Silting was noticed in the Astraea Channel in 1911 and in October, Mr H. von Heidenstam, who succeeded Mr De Rijke as Engineer-in-Chief, submitted a "project for the Continued Whangpoo Regulation", with complete plans and estimates, showing that Tls 6,000,000 spread over 10 years would be required for the continued regulation. After some negotiations with the government, it was agreed in April, 1912 to proceed, and a Conservancy Tax of 3% on the Customs duties and 1-1/2 per mille on duty-free goods was authorised ... Work has proceeded regularly since July 1912. Pheasant Point (a sharp convex near the outh) was cut away and a contract for four million cubic yards of dredging was let. A second training wall at the mouth on the right bank was also built and various groynes and reclamations have been made with favourable results. In 1916 the Board acquire its own dredging plant and dredging of the convees at Shanghai (Pootung Point) and Nantou is now being executed. The regulated channel shows now in 1916 a depth of 24 feet at ordinary low water over a width of nearly 600 feet right through from Woosung to Shanghai.

Institution of the Holy Family -an institution in Shanghai, dating from 1894, and managed by the Auxiliary Nuns. There is a school for Portuguese girls with 281 scholars, a free school for Manila girls and a day school for Chinese girls. The number of nuns engaged is twenty-two. The Institution receives a grant from the International Municipal Council.

Little Sisters of the Poor - These nuns began work in Shanghai in February 1904. They busy theselves over the aged poor, of whom they support three hundred. The number of sisters is twenty.

Maloo - horse road, properly any high road, but chiefly known to foreigners as the Chinese term for the Nanking Road in Shanghai. This is also called Ta Maloo or Great Maloo, the streets parallel being called first, second, third Maloo and so on.

McLatchie, Thomas, Canon - one of the first missionaries of the Church Missionary Society who arrived in Shanghai in 1845 and got a house in the city. He worked there with some intervals til his retirement in 1882. He was Canon of St John's Cathedral, Hong Kong and later of Holy Trinity Cathedral, Shanghai. He wrote a book entitled Chinese Cosmogony which has not commended itself to sinologues in general, but he is considered by Balfour to have made out a very strong case from the study of comparative mythology to prove that the whole system of Chinese Heaven-and-Earth worship is based on ancient obscene theories of incestuous intercourse between the two. He also left an unpublished translation of the Li Chi or Book of Rites. He died in England, June 4, 1885.

Pidgin English - an extraordinary jargon in use between native servants, shopmen etc on the one side, and foreigners who do not speak Chinese on the other. The word pidgin is supposed to be the Chinese attempt to pronounce the word business; pidgin-English is therefore business English; it is certainly not literary English. In the main it is a limited number of English words used more or less according to Chinese idiom, and also mispronounced. The fewest possible number of English words are in use: thus my is made to do duty for I and me. "I cannot" becomes "My no can," and "It is not my affair" is "No belong my pidgin". The senseless dialect originated with the "linguists" in the old Canton days when very few foreigners spoke Chinese and no Chinese knew English. With the increase in intercourse it is rapidly passing out of use and will happily vanish before too long.

Press, European - ... In Shanghai, C. Treasure Jones, sometime editor of the Friend of China, edited a daily paper, the Evening Express. It first appeared on Oct 1, 1867 and lived for several years. The Shanghai Evening Courier was begun on Oct 1, 1868 with Hugh Lang as editor and many good contributors among the residents. From 1871, a weekly edition was issued under the name Shanghai Budget and Weekly Courier. The editor died in 1875 and the paper was bought by the proprietors of the evening gazette which had been founded on June 2 1873; and it continued to appear as the Shanghai Courier and China Gazette under the editorship of F. H. Balfour. The Celestial Empire, a weekly paper, was issued from the same press; it had been funded some years earlier by a Portuguese, Pedro Loureiro. Balfour edited this also and drew from the two papers his volume Waifs and Strays from the Far East. The North China Herald is the most important of the journals of China. Its first number came out on August 3 , 1850 and was a folio sheet of four pages and it gave a list of the 56 foreign residents then in Shanghai. In 1867, the North China Herald and Market Report was issued from the same office. On Jan 5 1867, appeared the first number of the Supreme Court and Consular Gazette which however was soon joined to the Herald, whose number 140 was issued with the new title The North-China Herald and Supreme Court and Consular Gazette. This as published weekly, and editors of it were in succession Henry Shearman, Samuel Mossman, R. Alexander Jamiesion, R.S Gundry, G.W Haden, F.H Balfour, J.W. MacLellan, R.W Little, H.T.Montague Bell and O.M. Green. The need of a daily issue was felt as Shanghai grew more important and the editors of the Herald put out the daily Shipping and Commercial News which on July 1 1864 became the North China Daily News, now the leading daily paper of North China, the Herald being its weekly edition. Before this, the Shanghai Daily Times had had a brief existence from Sept 15 1861 to April of the following year. The Cycle, a political and literary review, came out at Shanghai weekly from May 7, 1870 to June 24 1871. Its editor was Dr R.A Jamieson and it was supposed to be the official organ of the Customs Service. The Shanghai Recorder is another morning paper which did not last long. Its stock was sold by auction in January 1867. The Shanghai Mercury was issued first on April 17 1879 by J.D Clark, J.R.Black and C.Rivington, its first editor. It is still running, the evening paper of Shanghai; it issues the Celestial Empire as its weekly edition. The evening Gazette came out in 1873, the first number being dated June 2. Its publication was stopped by a fire after the eightieth number. F.H. Balfour took it up again in Jan 1874 but in the next year it was incorporated with the Shanghai Courier. The Shanghai Courier began its existence on October 1 1868 and lasted until 1875 when its editor and proprietor Hugh Lang died. It was then bought by the proprietor of the Evening Gazette and continued as the Shanghai Courier and Evening Gazette. The Shanghai Budget and Weekly Courier was its weekly edition. It ceased when the Shanghai Evening Courer and the Evening Gazette were combined. These papers have all been especially English, and the American community, feeling the need of an American organ, issued the Shanghai newsletter for California and the United States. Its first number appeared Oct 16, 1867. It was issued monthly until 1871 when it passed into the hands of Hugh Lang of the Courier who united it in 1874 to the Shanghai Budget and Weekly Courier, altering the title by the use of Newsletter instead of Courier. In 1875 or 1876 the first editor of the Shanghai Newsletter founded a new weekly journal, The Commonwealth by John Thorne and J.P. Roberts which died after an existence of six weeks. The China Press first appeared in Shanghai on August 23 1911 and is now one of the most popular and flourishing of morning papers. The French journals have had a short life in Shanghai. Le Nouvelliste de Shanghai began its weekly career on Dec 5 1870, and lived til the end of 1872. It was at once succeeded by Le Courrier de Shanghai which first appeared on Jan 16 1873 and came to an end after the third number. The Progres first appeared on March 21 1871; it was in opposition to Le Nouvelliste and their violent disputes led to the ruin of both. The Progres finished its career on Jan 23 1872. L'Echo de Shanghai appeared for a few months only as a daily paper in 1885 and 1886. L'Echo de Chine, the chief journal of French interests in the Far East, was founded in 1895 and is still running. Der Ferne Osten publshed by C. Fink, editor of the Ostasiatischer Lloyd, began in Shanghai in 1902 and completed three volumes. Dere Ostasiatische Lloyd first appeared in 1886; its publication was prohibited following China's declaration of war against Germany in August 1917 ...

Scouts - The Boy Scout Movement of China. During the course of a tour round the world in 1912, Sir Robert S.S. Baden-Powell, the founder of the boy scout movement, paid a visit to Shanghai, where he inspected the troops of British and Eurasian boy scouts then in existence. At the time of Sir Robert's visit there were no Chinese boy scouts in Shanghai, neither was there any organisation for spreading Scout ideas among the Chinese, but the visit of Sir Robert was partly the cause of the formation in 1913 of the Boy Scouts Association Of China. At first, the association had the oversight of a single troupe of scouts, formed from among the pupils of the Shanghai Municipal Public School For Chinese, but the definite aim of the association, to make scouting for boys known throughout China, was quickly realised and during 1913 and 1914, several troups were organised in Shanghai, and troups affiliated with the association were established in Canton and Hankow. A special impetus was given to the movement in May 1915 when a scout rally of some 400 scouts from Shanghai and Canton was held in connection with the Far Eastern Games in Shanghai.

Shanghai - The most important of the Treaty Ports. It was the most northern of the five opened by the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 and it long remained the northern limit of foreign trade. It is situated 13 miles up the Huangp'u which debouches into the Yangtze estuary. The latitude is 31 degrees 14' N; the longitude 121 degrees 29' E. The early history of the native port is somewhat obscure and of little interest; yet a good many papers on the subject or translations of the Chinese records have been printed. It may be regarded as having been the port for Soochow, at the mouth of the Woosung River, now called the Soochow Creek, but once many miles wide at this point. Til the 13th century the Huangpu was a canal. There has naturally been a good deal of change to the waterways of such a plain during the centuries and there is a good deal of confusion and uncertainty in all accounts of the hydrography of the district. Shanghai began to be of importance as a place of trade in the 11th century, but as far as foreign acquaintance with it is concerned its history begins in 1832, when Lindsey and Gutslaff visited it in the Lord Amherst. Ten years later (June 19, 1842) it was taken by the British forces, and by the Treaty of Nanking was opened to foreign trade on Nov 13, 1843. Captain Balfour, the first British Consul, fixed the limits of the Settlement. They were, to use the present names of streets, the Yang King Pang or Avenue Edward VII on the south, Peking Road on the north, the Huangpu on the east and Fukien Road on the west. Balfour with the Tao-tai drew up land regulations two years later, and the intention was that the Settlement, acquired with British blood, money and labour, should be a British Settlement. The American Consul , however, later hoisted his flag in the Settlement in spite of British and Chinese protests, and the Settlement has ever since been international. The French, however, acquired and have always retained a Concession of their own. In September, 1853, the Triad Society rebels took possession of the native city. One result of this was that the Customs Service had to be put under foreign management, as it has ever since remained. For seventeen months, the insurgents held the city while the Settlement suffered from the proximity of Imperialist troops. In April 1854, the newly formed Volunteer Corps, with some men from the ships, attacked and fired the Imperialist camp near the racecourse; this is the Battle of Muddy Flat. At the end of the ear, the French admiral found an excuse to attack the city; the French loss was forty-five killed and wounded. The city was not taken, but a month later the insurgents fled. The Taiping rebels threatened Shanghai in August 1860. Hundreds of thousands of refugees poured into the Settlement. The energetic action of foreign and Chinese troops, under Ward, Burgevine, Hope, Staveley, Protet and others, kept Shanghai safe. In 1863 the Mixed Court was established; the Shanghai Club and the General Hospital in 1864; HBM Court for China and Japan in 1865. In 1874 the Shanghai-Woosung Railway was opened as far as Kiangwan (4-1/2 miles). It was bought by the Chinese authorities and torn up. The International Settlement and the French Concession are governed according to certain Land Regulations. The first regulations, as already stated, were drawn up by Consul Balfour and the Taotai in 1845. These were in force until 1854 when new regulations were issued by which the unipal Council was instituted. These regulations were amended in 1869, and again in1898. The French land regulations, at least since 1866, have been separate from those applying to the settlement. The so-called American Settlement (Hongkew) and the so-called British Settlement were formally united under one rule in December, 1863. Shanghai continued to increase and prosper in spite of many difficulties - the Woosung bar being one. The history of a growing commercial port is, however, in itself without much interest. The appearance of the place if approached by water is very fine. The riverbank is a busy and broad road with handsome buildings fronting the water. Except the Bund, however, Shanghai has nothing to show the visitor unless he comes to see Missions or cotton mills. The whole district is a mudflat with no natural beauty, while art has done little to improve matters, except in a few of the buildings on the Bund.

Shanghai Almanac - This was published by the North China Herald under slightly different titles from 1852 to 1858 and for 1860, 1861 and 1863.

Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society - a society founded in Shanghai in 1857, with Dr Bridgman as first president. It published a journal in 1858 and was affiliated the next year with the Royal Asiatic Society, a step which had been in contemplation from the beginning.

Shanghai Mercury, The - an evening daily newspaper founded in 1879 by C.Rivington, J.D. Clark and J.R.Black.

Shanghai Steam Navigation Co. - organised in 1862 by the American firm Russell & Co, on the opening of the Yangtze to foreign trade.

Sicawei - see Zikawei

Sink of Iniquity - an expression used of Shanghai by the Duke of Somerset in Parliament in 1869. It is not generally known that the accusation was against the commercial morality of the place. The Duke's authorities were naval officers. The Chamber of Commerce considered the question of officially noticing the bad language used, but wisely let the matter drop.

Taotai - The Intendant of a Circuit or Tao, of which there were under the Manchus 95 in China Proper. He had control of several prefectures etc. After the Revolution, the Taotai became the Taoyin.

Treaty of Shanghai - The, commonly known as the Mackay Treaty, was signed at Shanghai September 5, 1902, by Sir J.L. Mackay. The treaty regulates a number of commercial matters including the abolition of likin, the protection of trademarks, the opening of Changsha, Anking, Huichou and Chiangmen to foreign trade etc.

United States District Court for China - This was opened in Shanghai on January 2, 1907. Only America and Great Britain have separate courts in China. The Consuls try the cases of other nationalities.

Women's Union Missionary Society of America - Entered China 1868. Works in Shanghai and neighbourhood. The well-known Margaret Williamson Hospital outside the French Concession and the West Gate of the Shanghai native city, was opened in 1885 under the charge of Dr Elizabeth Reifsnyder, and enlarged in 1897, but in the next year, the greater part was destroyed by fire. It was immediately rebuilt at a cost of 11,000 taels, largely by local donations, both foreign and Chinese.

Young Men's Christian Association of China ... the first city Association for Chinese business and professional men was organised by R.E. Lewis in Shanghai in 1899. Mr S.K. Tsao, the first Chinese secretary, took up his work later in 1899and is now serving as General Secretary in charge of the Shanghai Association...

Young Women's Christian Association of China - The YWCA of the USA, upon the ratification of the World's Committee, in London, sent its first representative to China in 1903, and the first work was begun amongst the factory girls in the cotton mills in the Yangtze-poo section of Shanghai.

Zikawei - the name of a village near Shanghai, made famous by the Jesuit institution situated there. It was chosen as the chief centre of the Kiangnan work of the Society of Jesus in 1847. In addition to a new cathedral (1910), there are a famous Museum (1872) and Library (1847) and the well-known Observatory (1872). St Ignatius' College (1850) has both middle and highs school departments and leads up to the Aurora University. The college had in 1916 fourteen Jesuit professors, 39 Christian teachers and nearly four hundred pupils of whom three-fourths were Christians. In the same year the Christian community of the village numbered 3,548 souls.